Which statement about indirect theory's impact on cellular components is true?

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Multiple Choice

Which statement about indirect theory's impact on cellular components is true?

Indirect effects are driven by radiolysis of water in the cell, which generates reactive free radicals. Because cells consist mostly of water, radiation rarely has to strike DNA directly to cause damage; the energy creates hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals (and other reactive species) that roam and attack biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. That cascade is what leads to cellular injury and dysfunction, so describing damage as caused by free radicals produced from water radiolysis captures the true mechanism. Direct hits to DNA do happen, but they are not required or the sole source of damage. The idea that only proteins are damaged is incorrect, and the indirect theory is inherently tied to free radical formation, not unrelated to it.

Indirect effects are driven by radiolysis of water in the cell, which generates reactive free radicals. Because cells consist mostly of water, radiation rarely has to strike DNA directly to cause damage; the energy creates hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals (and other reactive species) that roam and attack biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. That cascade is what leads to cellular injury and dysfunction, so describing damage as caused by free radicals produced from water radiolysis captures the true mechanism. Direct hits to DNA do happen, but they are not required or the sole source of damage. The idea that only proteins are damaged is incorrect, and the indirect theory is inherently tied to free radical formation, not unrelated to it.

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