What are four primary examples of nonstochastic (deterministic) radiation effects?

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Deterministic (nonstochastic) radiation effects show up only after a certain threshold dose, and their severity increases as the dose rises. Erythema appears once the skin dose crosses the threshold, with more pronounced redness as dose increases. Hair loss occurs when the exposure damages hair follicles beyond a threshold, and the amount of hair loss grows with dose. Cataracts form when the lens is irradiated enough to cause protein changes, and the likelihood and severity rise with higher doses. Decreased fertility happens when gonadal tissue receives enough damage to affect reproductive capacity, with greater dose leading to greater impact. Cancer is not included here because it is a stochastic effect, which has no true threshold and carries risk that increases with dose rather than a fixed-dose–dependent severity.